Tuesday, July 27, 2010

RUBELLA

RUBELLA
Rubella is also known as GERMAN MEASLES. It is called this because GERMAN PHYSICIANS first discovered this in the 18th century. This usually goes unnoticed and is usually mild. Both children and adults can get this disease. Although, children recover from this much faster than adults. The GERMAN MEASLES lasts from 1-3 days. If pregnant women get in contact with this disease it can be fatal for the fetus. As the child can be born with this. It could cause spontaneous abortions.
RUBELLA is an airborne disease. And has an incubation period of 2-4 weeks.

RUBELLA is sometimes confused with rebeolla. That is a totally different disease. However in some countries GERMAN MEASLES is known as RUBEOLLA.
The signs and symptoms of RUBELLA are somewhat similar to the flu. Along with a rash on the:
A. FACE
B. TRUNK (THE BODY)
C. LIMBS (LEGS AND ARMS)

And takes about 3 days to start to fade away. This is why they call it the three day measles. After the face clears up it starts to spread to other parts of the body. Other signs include a low grade fever and swollen glands with:

A. JOINT PAINS
B. HEADACHE
C. CONJUNCTIVITIS
The swollen glands persist up to a week. The fever however very rarely rises above l00.4. The rash has either a light red color or a pink color to it. The rash causes itching. As the rash starts to clear up you may notice the skin shedding in small flakes. This occurs wherever the rash was.
Rubella can affect anyone of any age. It is rare in infants and people over 40. The older a person gets the more severe the symptoms can be. Although, the incubation period takes 2- to 3 weeks. The person is more contagious 1 week before and 1 week after. Rubella in an infant can cause:
A CARDIAC ARREST
B. CEREBRAL PALSY
C. SIGHT DEFECTS (CATARACTS)
D. HEARING LOSS
It can also cause:
A. LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
B. PREMATURE BIRTHS
C. ANEMIA
D. HEPATITIS
If a pregnant woman contacts the disease while she is carrying a child. This may lead to:
A. MISCARRIAGE
B. STILLBORN BABIES
If the baby survives this can lead to severe heart disorders.
The Rubella virus can persist for over a year.
The Rubella infection can be prevented by using a live vaccine virus in adults. The Rubella virus was reduced in children by immunization.
The vaccine is now given by a shot called MMR (MEASLES MUMPS & RUBELLA). This vaccine comes in two doses. One when the baby is 18 months old and the other when the baby is 36 months old. Pregnant are tested for this disease early in their pregnancy. Women who are susceptible to Rubella virus are not vaccinated until the baby is born as the vaccine is a live virus.
The immunization program for Rubella has been quite successful. CUBA has not had an outbreak of the disease since the 1990’s. While, the CDC (CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL) hasn’t had an outbreak since 2004.
Although, there is not a specific treatment for this. There is a lotion and liquid that will help with the itching:
A. CALAMINE LOTION
B. BENEDRYL TABLET AND LIQUID

Newborns that are infected with this can have:

A. CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
B. CATARACTS (WHICH CAN BE CORRECTED BY SURGERY)
C. MASCULAR DEGENERATION
Rubella occurs world wide. This disease has no nationality. It usually tends to come more in the spring months. The CDC came out with the vaccine in 1969. Before the vaccine came out there were outbreaks occurring every 6-9 years in the UNITED STATES and every 3-5 years in EUROPE. Affecting children between 5-9 years of age.

In the UNITED KINGDOM there’s a large population of men whom are not vaccinated for Rubella. There have been a lot of outbreaks during 1993 and 1996. This was also passed onto pregnant women, many of them were from different countries. They are still having with Rubella. This is because they do not have the vaccine in all of the countries.
The first clinical description of the disease was confirmed in 1752. It was confirmed by FRIEDRICH HOFFMAN. And this was confirmed by two other doctors as well:
A. DE BERGEN
B. ORLOW
Both in 1758.
In 1814 GEORGE DE MATON said that this disease different than the regular measles and scarlet fever. All of the physicians were of GERMAN DESCENT. This disease is also called (ROTELIN) which is the name for GERMAN MEASLES in German. An ENGLISH ARTILLERY SURGEON had described this in INDIA. He had given it the name of RUBELLA which is the LATIN meaning little red in 1866.
RUBELLA was finally recognized and its own disease in 1881 by the INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF MEDICINE. In 1914 it was theorized by ALFRED FABION HESS it was later confirmed by HIIRO & TOSAKA as its own disease in 1938.
In 1940 AUSTRALIA had a wide spread epidemic. NORMAN MC ALLISTER GREGG had found 78 cases of congenital cataracts in infants. 68 of them were from pregnant women who had contacted this disease while pregnant. CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME is also known as (CRS). If a woman is affected early in her pregnancy the more the damage there is to the fetus.
The epidemic that hit the UNITED STATES was during the years of 1964-1965. There was an estimate of 12.5 million cases reported. The epidemic in the UNITED KINGDOM had reported:
A. 1,000 MISCARRIAGES
B. 20,000 CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME
C. 2,100 DIED IN THE NEONATALUNIT
D. 12,000 WERE BORN DEAF
E. 3,580 WERE BLIND
F. 1,800 WERE BORN RETARDED

In NEW YORK alone CRS had affected 1% of all births.
In 1969 a vaccine was released. In the 1970’s a triple vaccine was introduced. This vaccine was MEASLES, MUMPS, & RUBELLA also known as (MMR).

Wednesday, July 21, 2010

BELLE ISLE

BELLE ISLE PARK
Bell Isle is 942 acres. It is connected to the city of Detroit by the MacArthur Bridge. There are two other parks that are larger then Belle Isle they are:
A. GROSSE ISLE
B. FIGHTING ISLAND
These are all inland parks.

Belle Isle is the home to:
A. ANNA SCRIPPS WHITCOMB CONSERVATORY
B. THE DETROIT YACHT
C. UNITED STATES COAST GUARD
D. DETROIT BOAT CLUB
E. DOSSIN GREAT LAKES MUSEUM
F. THE CASINO
G. THE DETROIT MOUNTED POLICE
They have a nature center there for hikers and nature lovers.
They also have a beach on the island.
The Highlights on Belle Isle are:
A, THE BOTANICAL GARDENS
B.ANNA SCRIPPS WHITCOMB CONSERVATORY
The casino on the island is not used for gambling. It is a place that is used for public events.
During World War II was used for a practice area for the military.
An architect named Cass Gilbert had designed:
A. JAMES SCOTT MEMORIAL FOUNTAIN
B. THE UNITED STATES COURT BUILDING IN WASHINGTON D.C.
C. THE WILLIAM LIVINGSTON LIGHTHOUSE WHICH IS MADE OF ALL MARBLE
At one time Belle Isle used to be a place for:
A. FALLOW DEER
B. THE CHILDREN’S ZOO
C. AND THE AQUARIAM
But due to budget costs and insufficient funds they had to be closed down. The 300 remaining animals were sent to the zoo, along with the nature center properties.
There is also auto racing on the island. This closed down for awhile. Then it resumed in 2007.
The Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory holds rare flowers. This had happened in World War II. The place that holds these flowers is the conservatory. It holds:
A. RARE ORCHIDS
B. ANNUAL FLOWER BEDS
C. ROSE GARDEN
D. LILY POND GARDENS
The south wing of this building holds:
A. TROPICAL PLANTS
B. BANANAS
C. ORANGES
D. COFFEE
E. SUGAR CANE
F. ORCHIDS
The north wing houses:
A. FERNS
B. CACTUS AND SUCCULENTS
C. BLOOMING PLANTS
The Great Lakes Dossin Museum on the island is a maritime museum and it is all about shipwrecks and has a variety of model ships. One of the ships they talk about is the SS Edmund Fitzgerald.

HMHS BRITANNIC

HMHS BRITANNIC
A. RMS OLYMPIC
B. RMS TITANIC
This ship was supposed to be a transatlantic ocean liner for passengers. However, when WORLD WAR I broke out this became a hospital ship. The ship sunk on the south side of Greece in 1916. With the loss of 30 lives. The ship hit a mine and sank.

Because of the TITANIC’S sinking they had made changes to the HMS BRITANNIC. And, these changes all happened before the launching. The changes that were made are:
A. DOUBLE HULL
B. ENGINE AND BOILER ROOMS
C. RAISING OF THE 6OUT OF THE 15 WATER TIGHT BULKHEADS UP TO THE B DECK
They changed the fittings of the boats. They are now on a swing arm to get to them faster. They also have additional space by the deck house. On the other side of the ship they have emergency life boats. The purpose of this was to get to the boats as quickly as they can.
After the loss of the TITANIC and the OLYMPIC they had made this ship 2 feet wider.
The boat was launched on Feb. 26, 1914. From Harland Wolff shipyard in Belfast. Before the BRITTANIC could make contact with NEW YORK. WORLD WAR I had broke out. With this the personal use of these ocean liners were put to a stop. Now these ocean liners were used for the military. In fact THE WHITE STAR LINE had put their passenger boats on hold until the war had stopped.
All of this had changed in May of 1915. The BRITANNIC was sent out after a 4 week notice. The same month The CYNARD LINER lost its ship to a torpedo.
The next month apart of the BRITISH NAVAL ADMINISTRATION had changed their minds in using ocean liners. They had started to use their passenger lines for the military. The first ships to go were the:
A. RMS MAURETANIA
B. RMS AQUITANIA

The AQUITANIA ship was now being transferred to a hospital ship. She would transfer the injured to a larger ship called the OLYMPIC. In September and in November of the same year, the BRITANNIC colors were changed. They changed them to RED and WHITE, with big red crosses on it. And, at this point they had changed the name to (HIS MAJESTY’S HOSPITAL SHIP) and placed under command of Captain Charles A. Barttlett. From the time of 1868-1945.

After he had completed 5 successful trips to the middle eastern there and back with the sick and wounded to the UNITED KINGDOM.

A storm had broken out on November 19 that kept the ship in dock until the next day which was which was Sunday afternoon. There was a break in the storm. So, the ship had headed out. When the ship left dock the sea had rose up again. The next day the storm had subsided.

On November 21, 19l6 there was a loud explosion. They had no idea what had hit ship. Not all the people had reacted the same way. Some of them left for their stations immediately. The others felt the hit a smaller vessel. While Captain Bartlett and Chief Officer Hume were on the bridge, they had saw what the explosion had done. This explosion had happened on the starboard side filling up the water tight bulkheads with water fastly to make this even worse then the fireman’s quarters were filling up with water.

The compartments with the sick and wounded were starting to fill up with water also, as they had the windows open to get fresh air. The Britannic could not stay afloat now.

And the swing arms that held the life boats were still in operation.

There was an unknown officer on board with six of his sailors. They were told to throw collapsible rafts and deck chairs overboard to make a make shift lift raft. They were told to save themselves.

A 6th of Officer Welch and other sailors were spotted on board. As this sixth sailor did not have enough sailors to lift the lifeboats. The Uknown sailor had ordered his men to help out the other sailors.

Bartlett sounded 1 final blast of the horn then walked out into the water as now the water was up to the bridge. He had swim up to the collapsible boat and started to help with rescue operations.

There was a nurse on board named (VIOLET JESSOP) who had survived the sinking of the (TITANIC) along with the ship (OLYMPIC). She had told her story of the events of what had happened. It was 9:07 P.M. when the Britannic finally went down.

The Britannic was the largest ship to have gone down in WORLD WAR I.

The first vessels to arrive on the scene was a Greek fisherman boat they picked up as many survivors as they could. The next boat to arrive on the scene was the HMS SCOURGE they had spotted the survivors and had picked up 339 of them.

The people of (KORISSIA) were in awe to see all the wounded. They had offered their assistance. They had put them in their houses, while waiting for rescue ships to take them to the hospital.

Another ship called the (HEROIC) had carried the sick and wounded also. These two ships the SCOURGE and the HEROIC had run out of room to take the survivors. Another ship was called in. This was the HMS FORSIGHT this was called in to collect the dead.

1,036 people were saved. But, only, five of them were buried. The others were left in the sea. And, are honored in THESSALONIA AND LONDON.

The Britannic lays in about 400 feet of water. This was the first discovered by (JACQUES COUSTEAU) in 1975. The ship is laying on the right side, hiding the hole where the damage occurred. The front of the boat is deformed as it hit bottom before the rest of the ship. The boat can be seen by trained scuba divers to go down that deep.

This is a BRITISH WAR GRAVE and must be approved by the British for any journey to go down to see this ship.

In 1995 during a filmage of the wreckage by NOVA. Dr. Robert Ballard went down to the wreck with sonar equipment. They were surprised to the boats’ funnels were still in good condition. But, the boat was not touched at all.

A historian named (SIMON MILLS) bought the HMHS BRITANNIC from the British and when they had asked him what he was going to do with it he replied, “I am just going to leave it there.”

In 1999 experienced cave divers went down to see the wreckage. They had made a video tape of what they saw. And, this was broadcasted on several different channels:

A. NATIONAL GEOGRAPIC CHANNEL
B. THE BBC (BRITISH BROADCASTING CHANNEL)
C. THE HISTORY CHANNEL
D. AND THE DISCOVERY CHANNEL