INTERIM GUIDE FOR NOVEL H1N1 FLU (SWINE FLU0: TAKING CRE OF A SICK PERSON IN YOUR HOME
This document has been updated in according with the CDC Remommendations for the Amount of Time Persons with Influenza-Like Illness Should be Away From Others (h 1 n 1 flu/guidance/exclusion.htm). This document provides interim guidance and will be updated as needed.
Novel H1N1 flu virus infection (formerly) known as swine flu) can cause a wide range of symptoms, including fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. Some people have reported diarrhea and vomiting associated with novel H1N1 flu. Like seasonal flu, novel N1N1 flu in humans can vary in severity from mild to severe. Severe disease with pneumonia, respiratory failure and even death is possible with novel H1N1 flu infection. Certain groups might be more likely to develop a severe illness from novel H1N1 flu infection, such as pregnant women and persons with chronic medical conditions. Sometimes bacterial infections may occur at the same time or after infection with influenza viruses and lead to pneumonia, ear infections, or sinus infections.
The following information can help you provide safer care at home for sick persons during a flu outbreak or flu pandemic.
How Flu Spreads
The main way that influenza viruses are thought to spread is from person to person in respiratory droplets of coughs or sneezes. This can happen when droplets from a cough or sneeze of an infected person are propelled through the air and desposited on the mouth or nose or people nearby. Influenza viruses may also be spread when a person touches respiratory droplets on another person or an object and then touches their own nose or mouth (or someone else's mouth or nose) before washing their hands.
People with novel H1N1 flu who are cared for at home should:
check with their health care provider about any special care they might need if they are pregnant or have a health condition such as diabetes, heart disease, asthma, or emphysema check with their health care provider about whether they should take antiviral medications
keep away from others as much as possible. This is to keep from making others sick. Do not go to work or school while ill
stay home for at least 24 hours after fever is gone, except to seek medical care or for other necessities. (Fever should be gone without the use of a fever-reducing medicine.)
get plenty of rest
drink clear fluids (such as water, broth, sport drinks, electrolyte beverages for infants) to keep from being dehydrated
cover coughs and sneezes. Clean hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand rub often and especially after using tissues and after coughing and sneezing into hands
wear a facemask—if available and tolerable—when sharing common spaces with other household members to help prevent spreading the virus to others. This is especially if other household members are at high risk for complications from influenza. For more information, see the Interim for Facemask and Respirator Use (h1 n 1 flu/masks.htm)
be watchful for emergency warn signs that might indicate you need to seek medical attention
Medications to Help Lessen Symptoms of the Flu
Check with your healthcare provider or pharmacist for correct, safe use of medications
Antiviral medications can sometimes lessen flu symptoms, but require a prescription. Most people do not need these antiviral drugs to fully recover from the flu. However, persons at higher risk for severe flu complications, or those with severe flu illness who require hospitalization, might benefit from antiviral medications. Antiviral medications are available for persons 1 year of age and older. Ask your health care provider whether you need antiviral medication.
Influenza infections can lead to or occur with bacterial infections. Therefore, some people will also need to take antibiotics. More severe or prolonged illness that seems to get better, but then gets worse again may be an indication that a person has a bacterial infection. Checkwith your health care provider if you have concerns.
Warning! Do not give aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) to children or teenagers who have the flu; this can cause a rare but serious illness called Reye's syndrome. For more information about Reye's syndrome, visit the National Institute of Health website (http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/reyes_syndrome.htm
(http://www.cdc.gov/ h 1 n 1 flu/guidance_homecare.htm#linkPolicy#linkPolicy).
Check ingredient labels on over-the-counter cold and flu medications to see if they contain aspirin.
Children 5 years of age and older and teenagers with the flu can take medicines without aspirin, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol and ibprofen (Advil, Motrin, Nuprin), to relieve symptoms
Children younger than 4 years of age should NOT be given over-the-counter cold medications without first speaking with a health care provider.
The safest care for flu symptoms in children younger than 2 years of age is using a cool-mist humidifier and a suction bulb to help clear away mucus.
Fevers and aches can be treated with acetaminophen (Tylenol or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, Nuprin or non steriodal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). Exampes of these kind of medications include:
Generic Name Brand Names
Acetaminophen Tylenol
Ibuprofen Advil, Motrin, Nuprin
Naproxen Aleve
Over-the-counter cold and flu medications used according to the package instructions may help lessen some symptoms such as cough and congestion. Importantly, these medications will not lessen how infectious a person is.
Check the ingredients on the package label to see if the medication already contains acetaminophen or ibuprofen before taking additional doses of these medications—don't double dose! Patients with kidney disease or stomach problems should check with their health care provider before taking any NSAIDS.
Check with your health care provider or pharmacist if you are taking over-the-counter or prescription medications not related to the flu. For more information on products for treating flu symptoms, see the FDA website
(http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2005/105_buy.htm.).
When to Seek Emergency Care
Get medical care right away if the sick person is at home:
has difficulty breathing or chest pain
has purple or blue discoloration of the lips
is vomiting and unable to keep liquids down
has signs of dehydration such as dizziness when standing, absence of urination, or infants, a lack of tears when they cry
has seizures (for example, uncontrolled convulsions)
is less responsive than normal or becomes confused
Steps to Lessen the Spread of Flu in the Home
When providing care to a household member who is sick with influenza, the most important ways to protect yourself and others who are not sick are to:
keep the sick person away from other people as much as possible (see “placement of the sick person”) especially others who are at high risk for complicaitions from influenza
remind the sick person to cover their coughs, and clean their hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand rub often, especially after coughing and/or sneezing
have everyone in the household clean their hands often, using soap and water or an alcohol-based hand rub. Children may need reminders or help keeping their hands clean
ask your health care provider if household contacts of the sick person—particularly those contacts who may be pregnant or have chronic health conditions—should take antiviral medications such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) or zanaivir (Relenz) to prevent the flu
If you are in a high risk group for complications from influenza
(/flu/about/disease/symptoms.htm), you should attempt to avoid close contact (within 6 feet) with household members who are sick from influenza. If close contact with a sick individual is unavoidable, consider wearing a facemask or respirator, if available and tolerable. Infants should not be cared for by sick family members. For more information, see the Interim Recommendations for Facemask and Respirator Use ( h l n l flu/masks.htm).
Placement of the Sick Person
Keep the sick person in a room separate from the common areas of the house. (For example, a spare bedroom with its own bathroom, it that's possible.) Keep the sickroom door closed.
Unless necessary for medical care or other necessities, people who are sick with an influenza-like-illness should stay home and keep away from others as much as possible, including avoiding travel, for at least 24 hours after fever is gone except to get medical care or other necessities. (Fever should be gone without the use of a fever-reducing medicine). This is to keep from making others sick. Children, especially younger children, might potentially be contagious for longer periods.
If persons with the flu need to leave the home (for example, for medical care), they should wear a facemask, if available and tolerable (h l n l flu/masks.htm), and cover their nose and mouth when coughing or sneezing
Have the sick person wear a facemask—if available and tolerable—if they need to be in a common area of the house near other persons.
If possible, sick persons should use a separate bathroom. This bathroom should be cleaned daily with household disinfectant (see below).
Protect other persons in the home
The sick person should not have visitors other than caregivers. A phone call is safer than a visit.
If possible, have only one adult in the home take care of the sick person. People at increased risk of severe illness from flu (/flu/about/disease/symptoms.htm), should not be the designated caretaker, if possible.
If you are in a high risk group for complications from influenza, you should attempt to avoid close contact (within 6 feet) with household members who are sick with influenza. If close contact with a sick individual is unavoidable, consider wearing a facemask or respirator, if available and tolerable. For more information, see the Interim Recommendations for Facemask and Respirator Use (h l n l flu/masks.htm).Avoid having pregnant women care for the sick person. (Pregnant women are at increased risk of influenza-related complications and immunity can be suppressed during pregnancy).
Avoid having sick family members care for infants and other groups at high risk for complications of influenza (/flu/about/disease/symptoms.htm).
All persons in the household should clean their hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based hadn rub*
(h l n l flu/qa.htm#antibacterial) frequently, including after every contact with the sick person or the person's room or bathroom.
Use paper towels for drying hands after hand washing or dedicate cloth towels to each person in the household. For example, have different colored towels for each person.
If possible, consideration should be given to maintaining good ventilation in shared household areas (e.g., keeping windows open in restrooms, kitchen, bathrom, etc.)
Antiviral medications can be used to prevent the flu, so check with your health care provider to see if some persons in the home should use antiviral medications.
If you are the caregiver
Avoid being face-to-face with the sick person.
When holding small children who are sick, place their chin on your shoulder so that they will not cough in your face.
Clean your hands with soap and water or use an alcohol-based hand rub* (h l n l flu/qa.htm#antibacterial) after you touch the sick person or handle used tissues, or laundry.
Talk to your health care provider about taking antiviral medications to prevent the caregiver from getting the flu.
If you are at high risk of influenza associated complications, you should not be the designated caretaker, if possible.
If you are in a high risk group for complications from influenza, you should attempt to avoid close contact (within 6 feet) with household members who are sick with influenza. Designated a person who is not at high risk of flu associated complications as the primary caretaker of household members who are sick with influenza, if at all possible. If close contact with a sick individual is unavoidable, consider wearing a facemask or respirator, if available and tolerable. For more information, see the Interim Recommendations for Facemask and Respirator Use (h 1 9 1 flu/masks.htm)
Monitor yourself and household members for flu symptoms and contact a telephone hotline or health care provider if symptoms occur.
Using Facemasks and Respirators
Avoid close contact (less than about 6 feet away) with the sick person as much as posible.
If you must have close contact with the sick person (for example, hold a sick infant), spend the least amount of time possible in close contact and try to wear a facemask (for example, surgical mask) or N95 disposable respirator.
A N95 respirator that fits snugly on your face can filter out small particles that can be inhaled around the edges of a facemask, but compared with a facemask it is harder to breathe through a N95 mask for long periods of time. More information on facemasks and respirators can be found at H 1 N 1 Flu(Swine Flu/h 1 n 1 flu/) website.
Facemasks and respirators may be purchased at a pharmacy, building supply or hardware store.
Wear an N95 respirator if you help a sick person with respiratory treatments using a nebulizer, or inhaler, as directed by their doctor. Respiratory treatments should be performed in a separate room away from common areas of the house when at all possible.
Used facemasks and N95 respirators should be taken off and placed immediately in the regular trash so they don't touch anything else.
Avoid re-using disposable facemasks and N95 respirators if possible. If a reusable fabric facemask is used, it should be laundered with normal laundry detergent and tumble-dried in a hot dryer.
After you take off a facemask or N95 respirator, clean your hands with soap and water or use an alcohol-based santizer.
For more information, see the Interim Recommendations for Facemask and Respirrator Use (h1b1flu masks.htm)
House Cleaning, Laundry, and Waste Disposal
Throw away tissues and other disposable items used by the sick person in the trash. Wash your hands after touching used tissues and similar waste.
Keep surfaces (especially bedside tables, surfaces in the bathroom, and toys for children) clean by wiping them down with a household disinfectant according to directions on the product label.
Linens, eating utensils, and dishes belonging to those who are sick do not need to be cleaned separately, but importantly these items should not be shared without washing thoroughly first.
Wash linens (such as bed sheets and towels) by using household laundry soap and tumble dry on a hot setting. Avoid “hugging” laundry prior to washing it to prevent contaminating yourself. Clean your hands with soap and water or alcohol-based hand rub right after handling dirty laundry.
Eating utensils should be washed either in a dishwasher or by hand with water and soap.
For More Information
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Hotline (`-800-CDC-INFO) is available in English and Spanish, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/guidance_homecare.htm
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